What does succession refer to in ecological terms?

Succession in ecological terms refers to a series of predictable changes that occur within an ecosystem over time. This concept involves the gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop, typically following a disturbance that creates new environmental conditions.

In primary succession, for instance, life begins in an area where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. Initially, pioneer species like lichens and mosses colonize the barren landscape. Over time, as these organisms die and decompose, they enrich the soil, allowing other species, such as grasses and shrubs, to take root. This process continues, leading to a more diverse community, eventually resulting in a mature ecosystem like a forest.

Secondary succession occurs in areas where an existing ecosystem has been disturbed but soil and some organisms still remain, such as after a forest fire or human activities like farming. Secondary succession tends to be more rapid than primary succession because the soil already has nutrients and seeds present.

In summary, the correct choice reflects the dynamic and sequential nature of ecosystem change, which plays a crucial role in understanding how environments recover and adapt over time.